Museum Director Kirk Johnson poses with a Tyrannosaurus rex fossil that has just arrived for installation at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, in Washington, D.C.
Jeremy Snyder, Smithsonian Institution
By
22 hours ago
It was just another day on the set of the movie studio in Burbank, Calif. Paleontologist Jack Horner took his seat next to director Steven Spielberg. But Horner wasn’t thinking about the famous director, his previous hits (Indiana Jones, Jaws and more) or the movie stars on the set. Instead, he was thinking about teeth. Specifically, dinosaur teeth.
Horner was the official dinosaur expert for this film — Jurassic Park. It was the first of six movies in the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World franchise. He knew that dinosaurs constantly grew new teeth, shedding old ones along the way. “I thought we should show teeth lying around,” he says.
But making such a change to a movie already filming would require more of the movie-planning diagrams called storyboards. It would mean more cameras and lighting. Sets would have to be moved. Shoot schedules would need to be altered.
This is why there are no piles of dinosaur teeth on screen when you watch Jurassic Park. As Horner was learning, real movies and real science don’t always quite match. But movies can still be great ways to get people interested in dino science.
Horner and other paleontologists, after all, know that fossils rock — including dinosaur teeth. Finding fossils is a thrill. Learning about them teaches us much about Earth’s past and even its future. But some paleontologists, such as Horner, have gone beyond digging and studying fossils. They now work to inspire, educate and entertain. They direct museums, bring students into the field and even connect with Hollywood to get the science picture perfect.
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In the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World movies, live dinosaurs enthrall human visitors. The animals graze in herds. Their relatives soar overhead. Naturally, some of the prehistoric reptiles escape, causing terror and destruction. The hero in the first Jurassic Park movie? A paleontologist, of course. Alan Grant, played by actor Sam Neill, was actually inspired in part by Horner.
Horner is an authority on dinosaurs, especially their behaviors and social patterns. His childhood teachers, however, are not likely to have ever suspected where a career would take the boy. Growing up in a small Montana town, Horner was fascinated by dinosaurs. Even as a child he knew a lot about paleontology. “Collecting fossils was something I was doing very well,” he says. He won science fairs with comparative studies of fossils from different regions.
But he also got Ds and Fs in school. He struggled with reading because he had dyslexia, a learning disorder. His teachers had assumed Horner was a poor, or even lazy, student. Even as a college student, Horner struggled. So he worked in museums, joined the military and continued searching for fossils.
Then in 1978, Horner and his team discovered fossils of baby duckbilled Maiasaura dinosaurs. They had been digging on a Montana mountainside. Nearby, they found 14 nests of dinosaur eggs, along with fossils representing all stages of Maiasaura life. The discovery cracked open age-old mysteries about the social behaviors of dinosaurs. It showed that these animals had lived in groups and cared for their young. It also put Horner in the public eye.
He published a book in 1988, Digging Dinosaurs, about his search for baby dinosaurs. Not long after, Spielberg began working on a new movie about an attraction where visitors could see real dinosaurs created by scientists.
Of course, depicting dinosaurs and people together is pure fiction. After all, dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years before humans appeared. Still, Spielberg was determined to make the creatures as realistic as he could. Did real dinosaurs roar? Did they roam in herds? What did their skin look like?
He needed a technical advisor to help answer such questions. So Spielberg turned to Horner.
“My job was to make sure the dinosaurs looked as accurate as possible,” Horner explains. He also provided the Hollywood team with an example of a real working paleontologist. In the movie, Alan Grant dresses similar to the way Horner did for his fieldwork. The dinosaur dig shown in Jurassic Park was also based on the research site Horner was running in Montana. And in the movie, kids at the dig carry a red book that looks a lot like his Digging Dinosaurs.
“When we started shooting, I sat next to Steven,” Horner recalls. “He would ask me details.” Even so, the reality of making a movie sometimes conflicted with dinosaur reality. “We knew raptors should be feathered, but mechanically it wasn’t possible,” he says. Still, “I think they did very well,” says Horner of the films’ depiction of Jurassic life.
The incredible success of Jurassic Park helped bring visitors and funding to the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Mont. This venue showcases dinosaurs found in Montana. Horner was curator of paleontology there until he retired in 2016. He played a big role in expanding the museum.
“As a dyslexic kid growing up in rural Montana, I never would have guessed my future,” he says. “I’ve had an extraordinary life.”
Bringing dinosaurs onto the big screen is one way to get the attention of non-scientists. Leading a museum that attracts 5 million visitors every year is another. That’s paleontologist Kirk Johnson’s job. He is the director of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, in Washington, D.C. The museum brings Earth’s past — and future — to a curious public. It holds a collection of 145 million specimens and artifacts. These include many, many dinosaur fossils.
Museums are basically giant treasure chests, says Johnson. And the treasure-filled museum he leads is among the world’s largest. It’s a job this paleontologist is thrilled to have: “I always say I’m like a big kid.”
Johnson has always loved museums. He was 14 when he started volunteering at the Burke Museum in Seattle, Wash. Later, he earned a PhD in paleontology, focusing on fossil plants. In 2014, after leading Denver’s Museum of Natural History for 22 years, Johnson got the call to head one of the biggest and best natural history museums in the world. “As director, I get to field the big ideas. I’m more like a coach than a player,” he explains.
The Smithsonian is a perfect match for Johnson’s big ideas about geology, fossils and natural history. “Fossils tell the amazing story of our planet,” he says. “I love the collection, and I love the displays.”
When Johnson arrived at the museum, curators were in the midst of a huge project —overhauling the old fossil exhibit. Johnson helped create the new one: Hall of Fossils — Deep Time, which finally opened in June 2019. The exhibit takes visitors on a trip through all 4.6 billion years of Earth’s history. People see fossils from the beginnings of life to the first fish, flowers and mammals. They follow evolution and extinctions. And of course, they see dinosaurs. The Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton, for instance, clamps its jaws around a Triceratops. Finally, visitors explore the future of Earth. They learn how impacts like shifting climates and landscapes are changing our world.
The fantastic exhibit is just one of many at this museum. Yet, Johnson points out, exhibits are just the tip of the iceberg. Some 99.99 percent of the museum’s objects are not on display. Behind the scenes, they fill cabinets, drawers, shelves and entire storage facilities. Researchers continually study this vast collection to learn more about our world. “The memory of our planet is here,” Johnson explains.
He shared his knowledge and zeal for geology on the popular PBS television series NOVA. In “Making North America,” he took viewers across the continent to explore the science behind the scenery.
He’s also piled into a dusty pickup truck with artist Ray Troll for several epic road trips. Together, they visited dozens of fossil museums and locations, big and small. Artist and scientist working together, they’ve created several fun books about these trips, such as Cruisin’ the Fossil Freeway.
“After driving a few thousand miles with him and going to a jillion fossil sites and countless museums, I’ve come to appreciate that Kirk’s one of the most knowledgeable, down to Earth, affable and totally approachable guys you could ever hope to meet,” says Troll. Those are some of the reasons, he says, why Johnson is the perfect person to head the National Museum of Natural History.
Back at the Smithsonian, every day brings a new addition to the collection, or another opportunity to make the museum even better or more exciting. “I never have two days the same,” says Johnson.
Museums bring science to the public. But to really inspire people with the thrill of science in action, some paleontologists like to bring people to the science. Lisa White is one of them.
On a hot summer day under a blue Montana sky, a group of high school and college students dig into a dusty mountainside. They don’t mind wiping a little sweat and dirt from their faces for the chance to uncover dinosaurs. In fact, they are stoked to be doing real fieldwork. Led by White, these students have traveled thousands of kilometers (miles) for the experience.
White directs educational programs at the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley. She has a mission: encourage students from all backgrounds to appreciate geoscience. Some may one day even become Earth scientists themselves.
White loved visiting museums when she was young, but she wasn’t really thinking about Earth science back then. Instead, she favored seeing the world through photography. Her focus changed when she took a geology course in college. She went on to study tiny fossils, called microfossils. Then she began teaching at San Francisco State University.
With a passion to inspire learning, White created a geology program for high schoolers in the San Francisco area called SF-ROCKS. After that program ended, White started another: METALS. That’s short for Minority Education through Traveling and Learning in the Sciences. These programs connected diverse students from urban backgrounds with Earth science. Some kids learned about fossils that lay buried underfoot. Others were taught how a changing climate might impact their drinking water. White arranged trips to national parks, a nearby shoreline and a dinosaur dig in Montana. She was even featured with Johnson on an episode of “Making North America.”
As a student, White was especially inspired by field trips. She used these programs to give the same opportunities to students from the San Francisco area. Jim Neiss-Cortez is an educator who directed the SF-ROCKS program. “For years, Lisa filled a van with high schoolers she didn’t know and toured with them for two weeks across the west and central plains,” recalls Neiss-Cortez. “Now if that isn’t dedication to youth, I don’t know what is!”
Now at the paleontology museum in Berkeley, White works mainly with college students. She organizes geology field programs with other colleges. She also arranges for students to join weeklong trips on sea-going research ships.
White knows that for students living in cities or suburban places, it’s not always obvious why geology matters. So she looks for ways to make the connection clear. Fossils are a good start. “Paleontology helps us understand the diversity of life today,” she says.
Beyond fossils, Earth science includes plenty of other things that matter every day, from earthquakes to water quality and climate change. It’s key to environmental justice, where communities of color can be disproportionately affected by pollution. “That boils down to people’s health,” White says. These issues hit home no matter where someone lives.
The field of Earth science is not yet known for much diversity. Through her leadership, White hopes to change that. “We need to make Earth science more relevant to more people,” she says. In fact, she adds, “If any time is important for that, it’s now.”
artifact: Some human-made object (such as a pot or brick) that can be used as one gauge of a community’s culture or history. (in statistics or experiments) Something measured or observed that is not naturally a part of some system. It was instead introduced accidentally as a result of how the measurement or study was performed.
attention: The phenomenon of focusing mental resources on a specific object or event.
behavior: The way something, often a person or other organism, acts towards others, or conducts itself.
climate: The weather conditions that typically exist in one area, in general, or over a long period.
climate change: Long-term, significant change in the climate of Earth. It can happen naturally or in response to human activities, including the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests.
continent: (in geology) The huge land masses that sit upon tectonic plates. In modern times, there are six established geologic continents: North America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia and Antarctica. In 2017, scientists also made the case for yet another: Zealandia.
curator: Someone who manages a collection of items, for instance in a museum, library or art gallery. This person’s primary job is to design exhibits, organize and acquire collections and do research on the artifacts included in the collection.
dinosaur: A term that means terrible lizard. These reptiles emerged around 243 million years ago. All descended from egg-laying reptiles known as archosaurs. Their descendants eventually split into two lines. For many decades, they have been distinguished by their hips. The lizard-hipped line are believed to have led to the saurischians, such as two-footed theropods like T. rex and the lumbering four-footed Apatosaurus. A second appears to have led to a widely differing group of animals that included the stegosaurs and duckbilled dinosaurs. Many large dinosaurs died out around 66 million years ago. But some saurischians lived on. They are now the birds we see today.
diversity: A broad spectrum of similar items, ideas or people. In a social context, it may refer to a diversity of experiences and cultural backgrounds. (in biology) A range of different life forms.
dyslexia: A learning disability that makes it hard for an individual to spell, quickly recognized combinations of written letters as particular words, and trouble figuring out the sound that should be associated with a particular combination of letters.
earthquake: A sudden and sometimes violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within Earth’s crust or of volcanic action.
evolution: (v. to evolve) A process by which species undergo changes over time, usually through genetic variation and natural selection. These changes usually result in a new type of organism better suited for its environment than the earlier type. The newer type is not necessarily more “advanced,” just better adapted to the particular conditions in which it developed. Or the term can refer to changes that occur as some natural progression within the non-living world (such as computer chips evolving to smaller devices which operate at an ever faster speed).
extinction: (adj. extinct) The permanent loss of a species, family or larger group of organisms.
fiction: (adj. fictional) An idea or a story that is made-up, not a depiction of real events.
field: An area of study, as in: Her field of research is biology. Also a term to describe a real-world environment in which some research is conducted, such as at sea, in a forest, on a mountaintop or on a city street. It is the opposite of an artificial setting, such as a research laboratory.
focus: (in physics) The point at which rays (of light or heat for example) converge sometimes with the aid of a lens. (in behavior) To look or concentrate intently on some particular point or thing.
fossil: Any preserved remains or traces of ancient life. There are many different types of fossils: The bones and other body parts of dinosaurs are called “body fossils.” Things like footprints are called “trace fossils.” Even specimens of dinosaur poop are fossils. The process of forming fossils is called fossilization.
geology: The study of Earth’s physical structure and substance, its history and the processes that act on it. People who work in this field are known as geologists. Planetary geology is the science of studying the same things about other planets.
high school: A designation for grades nine through 12 in the U.S. system of compulsory public education. High-school graduates may apply to colleges for further, advanced education.
Jurassic: Lasting from about 200 million to 145.5 million years ago, it’s the middle period of the Mesozoic Era. This was a time when dinosaurs were the dominant form of life on land.
Maiasaura: A genus of duck-billed dinosaurs that migrated across North America in large herds between 100 million and 65.5 million years ago. Fossils of a nest site discovered in Montana in 1978 indicated that the plant-eaters were social and cared for their hatchlings. Maiasaura means “good mother lizard.” These dinos likely took up to eight years to reach their adult length of some eight meters (26 feet) and height of 3.7 to 4.6 meters (12 to 15 feet).
mammal: A warm-blooded animal distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk by females for feeding their young, and (typically) the bearing of live young.
paleontology: The branch of science concerned with ancient, fossilized animals and plants. The scientists who study them are known as paleontologists.
raptor: A bird of prey.
social: (adj.) Relating to gatherings of people; a term for animals (or people) that prefer to exist in groups. (noun) A gathering of people, for instance those who belong to a club or other organization, for the purpose of enjoying each other’s company.
Tyrannosaurus rex: A top-predator dinosaur that roamed Earth during the late Cretaceous period. Adults could be 12 meters (40 feet) long.
urban: Of or related to cities, especially densely populated ones or regions where lots of traffic and industrial activity occurs. The development or buildup of urban areas is a phenomenon known as urbanization.
Reporting: J. Dawson. Egg Mountain, the Two Medicine, and the Caring Mother Dinosaur. 2014. National Park Service.
Book: K. Johnson and R. Troll. Cruisin’ the Fossil Freeway: An Epoch Tale of a Scientist and an Artist on the Ultimate 5,000-Mile Paleo Road Trip. Chicago Review Press, 2007, 208 pp.
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